Asosiy ma’lumotlar

  • Shanidar A (75 ming yil) yelka suyagidagi 15 mm teshikni ko‘krakdan o‘tgan yog‘och nayza qoldirgan bo‘lishi mumkin
  • Ehtimol, bu qirilgan yog‘och nayzalardan foydalanilganining qadimgi Yaqin Sharqdagi birinchi dalili
  • Sabab — shaxslararo zo‘ravonlik yoki ov paytidagi baxtsiz hodisa — bahsli qolmoqda; Kris Stringer hujum ehtimoli ko‘proq deb hisoblaydi

Shanidar g‘oridagi topilma

Taxminan 75 ming yil oldin halok bo‘lgan neandertal qirilgan yog‘och nayza bilan shikastlangan bo‘lishi mumkin, deb xabar beradi arxeologlar. Iroq Kurdistonidagi g‘orida topilgan yelka suyagidagi 15 mm diametrli teshik bunday qurol bilan sodir etilgan o‘limga olib keladigan zo‘ravonlikning eng qadimgi dalili bo‘lishi mumkin. Shanidar A nomi bilan ma’lum qoldiqlarga o‘ng kaft, uch qovurg‘a va tishlar ham kiradi; g‘orda 1950-yillarda kamida o‘n nafar neandertalning qoldiqlari topilgan edi.

Jarohat xususiyati

Yaraning burchagi va boshqa ma’lumotlarga ko‘ra, nayza ko‘krakka kirgan, tanadan o‘tgan — ehtimol o‘pka va yirik qon tomirlariga zarar yetkazgan — va chap yelka suyagidan chiqib, deyarli mukammal dumaloq teshik qoldirgan. Tadqiqotning yetakchi muallifi, Kembrikdan Emma Pomeroy bunday dumaloq iz tabiiy yo‘l bilan paydo bo‘lmasligini, rekonstruksiya qilingan nayzalar bilan o‘tkazilgan tajribalar esa juda o‘xshash teshiklar berganini qayd etdi. «O‘limga olib kelgan zarba yurakka qaratilgan bo‘lishi mumkin edi», — dedi u BBC News muxbiriga. Uning so‘zlariga ko‘ra, bu qadimgi Yaqin Sharqda qirilgan yog‘och nayzalardan foydalanilganining ehtimol birinchi dalili.

Ov yoki hujum?

Pomeroy shaxslararo zo‘ravonlik isbotlanmaganligini ta’kidlaydi: jarohat «o‘z odamlar tomonidan otilish» yoki ov paytidagi baxtsiz hodisa natijasi bo‘lishi mumkin edi. Londondagi Tabiiy tarix muzeyining ishtirok etmagan professori Kris Stringer yaraning joylashuvi va kengligini hisobga olib, raqib tomonidan hujum ehtimoli ko‘proq deb hisoblaydi. Ish Scientific Reports jurnalida chop etilgan.

Zo‘ravonlik haqidagi o‘sib borayotgan ma’lumotlar konteksti

Topilma shu g‘oridagi 1957-yilgi topilma bilan uyg‘unlashadi: taxminan 50 ming yil oldin yashagan boshqa neandertalning qovurg‘alarida tosh uchli nayzadan bo‘lgani ehtimol bo‘lgan qisman bitgan yara bor edi. Asosiy dalil sifatida 2022-yilda Ispaniya shimolidagi «Suyaklar chuquridan» topilgan bosh suyaklari tadqiqoti ham qolmoqda: 20 shaxsda 57 ta bitgan bosh jarohati, to‘qqizida o‘limga olib kelishi mumkin bo‘lgan sinishlar, oltitasida esa chap-to‘mondan o‘xshash sanchoq yaralari topilgan bo‘lib, bu taxminan 430 ming yil oldin ataylab zarbalar berilganini ko‘rsatadi. Uzoq vaqt tashkil etilgan urushlarning paydo bo‘lishi dehqonchilik bilan bog‘langan, biroq undan ham avvalgi ovchilar-yig‘uvchilarga oid ma’lumotlar alohida qotilliklar undan ancha oldin mavjud bo‘lganini ko‘rsatadi. Bunday zo‘ravonlik qanchalik keng tarqalgan edi va qachon sporadik hujumlar tashkil etilgan mojarolarga aylangani ilmiy bahslar mavzusi bo‘lib qolmoqda.

A close-up of a brown, fragile left shoulder blade from Shanidar A, lying on dark textured cloth. The bone is incomplete and criss-crossed with fine cracks. Near its upper edge is a neat, round hole about the width of a fingertipImage source, University of Cambridge
Image caption,

A wooden spear caused the hole in this Neanderthal shoulder blade, scientists say

Recreated head of Shanidar Z, a Neanderthal woman believed to have lived around 75,000 years ago and died in her mid-forties. The lifelike reconstruction was created using 3D scans of her reconstructed skull and shows a woman with long, dark hair, prominent facial features and a calm expression, looking slightly upwards against a black background. Image source, BBC Studios/Jamie Simonds/PA Wire
Image caption,

Scientists have used Neanderthal remains to imagine what they could have looked like

A two-part map showing the location of Shanidar Cave in northern Iraq. The upper panel displays a satellite image of a dry, rugged, mountainous landscape with sparse vegetation, winding roads, and a red label identifying Shanidar Cave. A scale indicates 100 metres and 500 feet. The word Microsoft appears in the bottom left corner. The lower panel shows a regional map locating the cave in northern Iraq, near Mosul and Erbil, with surrounding countries including Syria, Iran, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia labelled. An inset globe highlights the region in the Middle East. Scale bars indicate 100 kilometres and 100 miles. The word Google appears in the bottom left corner. The BBC logo appears in the bottom right corner under the lower panel.